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期刊来源：Nat Med

原文链接：https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02761-2

摘要内容如下：

营养对所有生理过程都有广泛的影响。然而，营养如何影响人体免疫力在很大程度上仍是未知的。在这里，我们通过对一项临床试验进行事后分析，探索了饮食干预对免疫和微生物群的影响，在该临床试验中，20名参与者中的每一位都连续食用纯素或生酮饮食2周（NCT03878108）。使用多组学方法，包括多维流式细胞术、转录组学、蛋白质组学、代谢组学和宏基因组数据集，我们评估了每种饮食和饮食转换对宿主免疫和微生物群的影响。我们的数据显示，总体而言，生酮饮食与适应性免疫系统相关途径的显著上调和细胞的富集有关。相反，纯素饮食对先天免疫系统有显著影响，包括上调与抗病毒免疫相关的途径。这两种饮食对微生物组和宿主相关氨基酸代谢均有显著且不同的影响，与基线和纯素饮食相比，生酮饮食后大多数微生物途径均显著下调。尽管参与者多种多样，但我们也观察到了由氨基酸、脂质和免疫系统相关化合物驱动的数据集之间的紧密连接网络。总体而言，这项工作表明，在不同的参与者中，2周的控制饮食干预足以显著和不同地影响宿主免疫，这可能对精准营养干预产生影响。

英文原文如下：

Abstracts

Nutrition has broad impacts on all physiological processes. However, how nutrition affects human immunity remains largely unknown. Here we explored the impact of a dietary intervention on both immunity and the microbiota by performing a post hoc analysis of a clinical trial in which each of the 20 participants sequentially consumed vegan or ketogenic diets for 2 weeks ( NCT03878108 ). Using a multiomics approach including multidimensional flow cytometry, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic and metagenomic datasets, we assessed the impact of each diet, and dietary switch, on host immunity and the microbiota. Our data revealed that overall, a ketogenic diet was associated with a significant upregulation of pathways and enrichment in cells associated with the adaptive immune system. In contrast, a vegan diet had a significant impact on the innate immune system, including upregulation of pathways associated with antiviral immunity. Both diets significantly and differentially impacted the microbiome and host-associated amino acid metabolism, with a strong downregulation of most microbial pathways following ketogenic diet compared with baseline and vegan diet. Despite the diversity of participants, we also observed a tightly connected network between datasets driven by compounds associated with amino acids, lipids and the immune system. Collectively, this work demonstrates that in diverse participants 2 weeks of controlled dietary intervention is sufficient to significantly and divergently impact host immunity, which could have implications for precision nutritional interventions.

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